Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST), in which all components can be optimized jointly, is advantageous over cascaded approaches to achieve fast inference with a simplified pipeline. We present a novel two-pass direct S2ST architecture, {\textit UnitY}, which first generates textual representations and predicts discrete acoustic units subsequently. We enhance the model performance by subword prediction in the first-pass decoder, advanced two-pass decoder architecture design and search strategy, and better training regularization. To leverage large amounts of unlabeled text data, we pre-train the first-pass text decoder based on the self-supervised denoising auto-encoding task. Experimental evaluations on benchmark datasets at various data scales demonstrate that UnitY outperforms a single-pass speech-to-unit translation model by 2.5-4.2 ASR-BLEU with 2.83x decoding speed-up. We show that the proposed methods boost the performance even when predicting spectrogram in the second pass. However, predicting discrete units achieves 2.51x decoding speed-up compared to that case.

Objective: Thigh muscle group segmentation is important for assessment of muscle anatomy, metabolic disease and aging. Many efforts have been put into quantifying muscle tissues with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including manual annotation of individual muscles. However, leveraging publicly available annotations in MR images to achieve muscle group segmentation on single slice computed tomography (CT) thigh images is challenging. Method: We propose an unsupervised domain adaptation pipeline with self-training to transfer labels from 3D MR to single CT slice. First, we transform the image appearance from MR to CT with CycleGAN and feed the synthesized CT images to a segmenter simultaneously. Single CT slices are divided into hard and easy cohorts based on the entropy of pseudo labels inferenced by the segmenter. After refining easy cohort pseudo labels based on anatomical assumption, self-training with easy and hard splits is applied to fine tune the segmenter. Results: On 152 withheld single CT thigh images, the proposed pipeline achieved a mean Dice of 0.888(0.041) across all muscle groups including sartorius, hamstrings, quadriceps femoris and gracilis. muscles Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first pipeline to achieve thigh imaging domain adaptation from MR to CT. The proposed pipeline is effective and robust in extracting muscle groups on 2D single slice CT thigh images.The container is available for public use at https://github.com/MASILab/DA_CT_muscle_seg

We present SpeechMatrix, a large-scale multilingual corpus of speech-to-speech translations mined from real speech of European Parliament recordings. It contains speech alignments in 136 language pairs with a total of 418 thousand hours of speech. To evaluate the quality of this parallel speech, we train bilingual speech-to-speech translation models on mined data only and establish extensive baseline results on EuroParl-ST, VoxPopuli and FLEURS test sets. Enabled by the multilinguality of SpeechMatrix, we also explore multilingual speech-to-speech translation, a topic which was addressed by few other works. We also demonstrate that model pre-training and sparse scaling using Mixture-of-Experts bring large gains to translation performance. The mined data and models are freely available.

Spoken language understanding (SLU) is a task aiming to extract high-level semantics from spoken utterances. Previous works have investigated the use of speech self-supervised models and textual pre-trained models, which have shown reasonable improvements to various SLU tasks. However, because of the mismatched modalities between speech signals and text tokens, previous methods usually need complex designs of the frameworks. This work proposes a simple yet efficient unsupervised paradigm that connects speech and textual pre-trained models, resulting in an unsupervised speech-to-semantic pre-trained model for various tasks in SLU. To be specific, we propose to use unsupervised automatic speech recognition (ASR) as a connector that bridges different modalities used in speech and textual pre-trained models. Our experiments show that unsupervised ASR itself can improve the representations from speech self-supervised models. More importantly, it is shown as an efficient connector between speech and textual pre-trained models, improving the performances of five different SLU tasks. Notably, on spoken question answering, we reach the state-of-the-art result over the challenging NMSQA benchmark.

2D低剂量单板腹部计算机断层扫描（CT）切片可直接测量身体成分，这对于对衰老的健康关系进行定量表征至关重要。然而，由于不同年内获得的纵向切片之间的位置方差，使用2D腹部切片对人体成分变化的纵向分析具有挑战性。为了减少位置差异，我们将条件生成模型扩展到我们的C-斜肌，该模型在腹部区域进行任意轴向切片作为条件，并通过估计潜在空间的结构变化来生成定义的椎骨水平切片。对来自内部数据集的1170名受试者的实验和BTCV Miccai挑战赛的50名受试者的实验表明，我们的模型可以从现实主义和相似性方面产生高质量的图像。来自巴尔的摩纵向研究（BLSA）数据集的20名受试者的外部实验，其中包含纵向单腹部切片验证了我们的方法可以在肌肉和内脏脂肪面积方面与切片的位置方差进行协调。我们的方法提供了一个有希望的方向，将切片从不同的椎骨水平映射到目标切片，以减少单个切片纵向分析的位置差异。源代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/masilab/c-slicegen。

从心脏病学到神经病学的疾病中，代谢健康越来越多地成为危险因素，身体成分的效率评估对于定量表征这些关系至关重要。 2D低剂量单切层扫描术（CT）提供了高分辨率，定量组织图，尽管视野有限。尽管在量化图像上下文时已经提出了许多潜在的分析，但尚无对低剂量单切片CT纵向变异性进行自动分割的全面研究。我们使用受监督的基于深度学习的细分和无监督的聚类方法研究了1469个巴尔的摩纵向研究（BLSA）腹部数据集的1469名纵向研究（BLSA）腹部数据集的1816片。在前两次扫描中有两年差距的1469名受试者中有300名被选出，以评估纵向变异性，其中包括类内相关系数（ICC）和变异系数（CV），以组织/器官的大小和平均强度为单位。我们表明，我们的分割方法在纵向环境中是稳定的，骰子范围为13个目标腹部组织结构的0.821至0.962。我们观察到ICC <0.5的大多数器官的较高变异性，肌肉，腹壁，脂肪和体膜的变化较低，平均ICC> 0.8。我们发现器官的变异性与2D切片的横截面位置高度相关。我们的努力铺平了定量探索和质量控制，以减少纵向分析中的不确定性。

在本文中，我们提出了一种节能的SNN体系结构，该体系结构可以通过提高的精度无缝地运行深度尖峰神经网络（SNN）。首先，我们提出了一个转换意识培训（CAT），以减少无硬件实施开销而无需安排SNN转换损失。在拟议的CAT中，可以有效利用用于在ANN训练过程中模拟SNN的激活函数，以减少转换后的数据表示误差。基于CAT技术，我们还提出了一项首要尖峰编码，该编码可以通过使用SPIKE时间信息来轻巧计算。支持提出技术的SNN处理器设计已使用28nm CMOS流程实施。该处理器的推理能量分别为486.7UJ，503.6UJ和1426UJ的最高1级准确性，分别为91.7％，67.9％和57.4％，分别为CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100和TININE-IMIMAGENET处理。16具有5位对数权重。

直接语音到语音翻译（S2ST）模型与传统级联系统可用的数据量相比，几乎没有平行的S2ST数据遇到数据稀缺问题，该数据包括自动语音识别（ASR），机器翻译（MT）和文本到语音（TTS）合成。在这项工作中，我们使用未标记的语音数据和数据扩展来探索自我监督的预训练，以解决此问题。我们利用了最近提出的语音到单位翻译（S2UT）框架，该框架将目标语音编码为离散表示形式，并转移前训练前和有效的部分填充技术，可很好地适用于语音到文本翻译（S2T）通过研究语音编码器和离散单位解码器预训练，S2UT域。我们在西班牙语 - 英语翻译上进行的实验表明，与多任务学习相比，自我监督的预训练始终如一地提高模型性能，平均为6.6-12.1 BLEU增长，并且可以与数据增强技术相结合，以应用MT来创建弱监督监督的培训数据。音频样本可在以下网址获得：https：//facebookresearch.github.io/speech_translation/enhanced_direct_s2st_units/index.html。

我们的目标是量化热带旋风（TC）卫星图像中的时空模式是否以及如何量化，信号是即将发生的快速强度变化事件。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个新的非参数测试，对图像的时间序列和一系列二进制事件标签之间的关联测试。我们询问在事件之前与非事件之前的图像的24小时序列之间的分布差异（相关但分布相同）之间是否存在差异。通过将统计检验重写为回归问题，我们利用神经网络来推断TC对流的结构演变模式，这些模式代表了促进快速强度变化事件的导致。附近序列之间的依赖性通过估计标签系列边际分布的自举程序来处理。我们证明，只要标签系列的分布得到充分估计，就可以保证I型错误控制，这可以通过二进制TC事件标签的广泛历史数据更容易。我们表明的经验证据表明，我们提出的方法确定了与快速强化风险相关的红外图像原型，通常以随着时间的推移深度或深化核心对流标记。这样的结果为改善快速强化的预测提供了基础。

随着机器学习系统的计算要求以及机器学习框架的规模和复杂性的增加，基本框架创新变得具有挑战性。尽管计算需求驱动了最近的编译器，网络和硬件的进步，但通过机器学习工具对这些进步的利用却以较慢的速度发生。这部分是由于与现有框架原型制作新的计算范式有关的困难。大型框架将机器学习研究人员和从业人员作为最终用户的优先级优先，并且很少关注能够向前推动框架的系统研究人员 - 我们认为两者都是同等重要的利益相关者。我们介绍了手电筒，这是一个开源库，旨在通过优先考虑开放式，模块化，可定制的内部设备以及最新的，可用于研究的模型和培训设置，以刺激机器学习工具和系统的创新。手电筒使系统研究人员能够快速原型并尝试机器学习计算中的新思想，并且开销低，与其他流行的机器学习框架竞争并经常超过其他流行的机器学习框架。我们将手电筒视为一种工具，可以使可以使广泛使用的图书馆受益，并使机器学习和系统研究人员更加紧密地结合在一起。手电筒可从https://github.com/flashlight/flashlight获得。